Association between malocclusion and articulation of phonemes in early childhood.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between dental malocclusion and speech to understand the etiology of speech sound disorders (SSD) in schoolchildren and to make a correct diagnosis and treatment plan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Articulation and dental occlusion, oromyofunctional evaluation with orofacial praxis and musculature, resting tongue position, and swallowing pattern were analyzed in 290 schoolchildren between the ages of 4 and 7 years. Statistical tests were considered significant for P < .05. RESULTS: A significant association between dental malocclusions (Angle Class II and III, anterior open bite, edge-to-edge bite, overjet and anterior crossbite) and phonetic alterations (P = .008) was observed. Sigmatisms and rhotacisms were the most frequent disorders. Malocclusions also showed a significant association with oral habits and with orofacial praxis and muscle activity. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of malocclusion can cause imbalances in the functions involved in the stomatognathic system. Awareness of this relationship in young children would help professionals to implement preventive measures for the optimum development of children's oral health.

Hábitos bucales deformantes y su relación etiológica con las maloclusiones / Deforming buccal habits and their etiological relationship with malocclusions

La práctica de hábitos bucales deformantes ha sido motivo para que diferentes investigadores lleven a cabo estudios, centrando su examen, en los requerimientos de enseñanza que se tiene en el tema, ya que ello es el inicio de la continua realización de la actividad y la instalación de maloclusiones. Ha sido planteado en muchas oportunidades el efecto deletéreo de los hábitos deformantes como la succión del dedo, la respiración bucal, el empuje lingual y la necesidad de eliminarlos desde edades tempranas, no obstante, para ello es indispensable la cooperación de pacientes y familiares. Existe una estrecha relación entre prevalencia de maloclusiones y algún tipo de hábito, y que mientras la duración e intensidad del hábito aumenta, también lo hace la probabilidad de desarrollar maloclusiones severas(AU)

The practice of deforming oral habits has been reason for different researchers to carry out studies, focusing their examination, on the teaching requirements of the subject, since this is the beginning of the continuous realization of the activity and the installation of malocclusions.The deleterious effect of deforming habits such as finger sucking, mouth breathing, tongue thrust and the need to eliminate them from an early age has been raised on many occasions, however, for this the cooperation of patients and relatives is indispensable. There is a close relationship between the prevalence of malocclusions and some type of habit, and that while the duration and intensity of habit increases, so does the probability of developing severe malocclusions(EU)

Cultura sanitaria sobre hábitos bucales deformantes relacionados con el micrognatismo transversal superior. Escuela Ciro Redondo, 2017 / Sanitary culture on buccal deforming habits related with the superior transverse micrognatismo. School Ciro Redondo. 2017

Introducción: la salud bucal es parte integrante de la salud general, pues un individuo no puede considerarse completamente sano si existe presencia activa de enfermedad bucal. Objetivo: describir la cultura sanitaria sobre hábitos bucales deformantes relacionados con el micrognatismo transversal superior en escolares y padres de Cuarto Grado de la Escuela Ciro Redondo durante el año 2017. Método: se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo transversal sobre hábitos bucales deformantes relacionados con el micrognatismo transversal superior. El universo estuvo constituido por 112 estudiantes de 4to grado de la Escuela Ciro Redondo del municipio Bayamo, en el 2017. Todos formaron parte del estudio. Las variables estudiadas fueron: nivel de conocimiento, necesidades de aprendizaje, hábitos bucales deformantes y micrognatismo transversal superior, apoyados en métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos. Resultados: el nivel de conocimiento fue inadecuado: 67,85 por ciento en escolares y 81,25 por ciento en padres, relacionado con las necesidades de aprendizaje sobre los hábitos: empuje lingual, respiración bucal, succión digital y posturas inadecuadas. El 100 por ciento presentó hábitos bucales deformantes, de ellos el 40,18 por ciento con micrognatismo transversal superior, predominando el sexo femenino. Conclusiones: el nivel de conocimiento fue inadecuado, con ligero predominio en el sexo femenino del micrognatismo transversal superior y la inadecuada cultura sanitaria en pacientes con hábitos deformantes(AU)

Introduction: oral health is an integral part of general health, because an individual can not be considered completely healthy if there is an active presence of oral disease. Objective: to describe the sanitary culture on deforming oral habits related to the superior transverse micrognathism in school children and Fourth Grade parents of the Ciro Redondo School during the year 2017. Method: a cross-sectional descriptive study on deforming buccal habits related to superior transverse micrognathism was carried out. The universe was constituted by 112 students of 4th grade of the School Ciro Redondo of the Bayamo municipality, in 2017. They were all part of the study. The variables studied were: level of knowledge, learning needs, deforming oral habits and superior transverse micrognathism, supported by theoretical, empirical and statistical methods. Results: the level of knowledge was inadequate: 67.85 percent in school children and 81.25 percent in parents, related to the learning needs on habits: tongue thrust, mouth breathing, digital suction and inadequate postures. The 100 percent presented deforming oral habits, of them 40.18 percent with superior transverse micrognathism, predominantly female. Conclusions: the level of knowledge was inadequate, with a slight predominance in the female sex of the superior transverse micrognathism and the inadequate sanitary culture in patients with deforming habits(EU)

Three-dimensional ultrasound evaluation of tongue posture and its impact on articulation disorders in preschool children with anterior open bite.

Background Tongue posture plays an important role in the etiology of anterior open bite (AOB) and articulation disorders, and is crucial for AOB treatment planning and posttreatment stability. Clinical assessment of tongue posture in children is unreliable due to anatomical limitations. The aim of the study was to present functional diagnostics using three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) assessment of resting tongue posture in comparison to clinical assessment, and the associations between the improper tongue posture, otorhinolaryngological characteristics, and articulation disorders in preschool children with AOB. Patients and methods A cross-sectional study included 446 children, aged 3-7 years, 236 boys and 210 girls, examined by an orthodontist to detect the prevalence of AOB. The AOB was present in 32 children. The control group consisted of 43 children randomly selected from the participants with normocclusion. An orthodontist, an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist and a speech therapist assessed orofacial and ENT conditions, oral habits, and articulation disorders in the AOB group and control group. Tongue posture was also assessed by an experienced radiologist, using 3DUS. The 3DUS assessment of tongue posture was compared to the clinical assessment of orthodontist and ENT specialist. Results The prevalence of AOB was 7.2%. The AOB group and the control group significantly differed regarding improper tongue posture (p < 0.001), and articulation disorders (p < 0.001). In children without articulation disorders from both groups, the improper tongue posture occured less frequently than in children with articulation disorders (p < 0.001). After age adjustment, a statistical regression model showed that the children with the improper tongue posture had higher odds ratios for the presence of AOB (OR 14.63; p < 0.001) than the others. When articulation disorders were included in the model, these odds ratios for the AOB became insignificant (p = 0.177). There was a strong association between the improper tongue posture and articulation disorders (p = 0.002). The 3DUS detected the highest number of children with improper resting tongue posture, though there was no significant difference between the 3DUS and clinical assessments done by orthodontist and ENT specialist. Conclusions The 3DUS has proved to be an objective, non-invasive, radiation free method for the assessment of tongue posture and could become an important tool in functional diagnostics and early rehabilitation in preschool children with speech irregularities and irregular tongue posture and malocclusion in order to enable optimal conditions for articulation development.

Correlation between functional disorders of the masticatory system and speech sound disorders in children aged 7-10 years.

BACKGROUND: Masticatory system and speech sound disorders concur, have the same causes and similar consequences - both increase the risk of dental and periodontal diseases. OBJECTIVES: The study was conducted to establish the correlation between functional disorders of the masticatory system and speech sound disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three hundred patients aged 7-10 years were examined to detect functional disorders of the masticatory system and speech sound disorders. Functional disorders were assessed in patients with and without speech sound disorders. RESULTS: According to the study results, functional disorders of the masticatory system concur more often with speech sound disorders than with correct articulation and lead to speech sound disorders. There is a strong correlation between: - any dysfunction and errors in the /p/, /b/, /m/, /s/, /z/, /t͡ s/, /d͡ z/, /ɕ/, /ʑ/, /t͡ ɕ/, and /d͡ ʑ/ sounds, - mouth breathing and errors in the /p/, /b/, /m/, /s/, /z/, /t͡ s/, /d͡ z/, /ɕ/, /ʑ/, /t͡ ɕ/, and /d͡ ʑ/ sounds, - persistent tongue thrust and errors in the /s/, /z/, /t͡ s/, /d͡ z/, /ʂ/, /ʐ/, /t͡ ʂ/, /d͡ ʐ/, /ɕ/, /ʑ/, /t͡ ɕ/, and /d͡ ʑ/ sounds, and - parafunctional sucking and errors in the /s/, /z/, /t͡ s/, /d͡ z/, /ʂ/, /ʐ/, /t͡ ʂ/, /d͡ ʐ/, /ɕ/, /ʑ/, /t͡ ɕ/, and /d͡ ʑ/ sounds. CONCLUSIONS: To implement effective and early prevention and treatment, it is crucial to know the correlation between the masticatory system and speech sound disorders, as it reduces treatment duration and minimizes relapses of not only communication disorders, but also of concurrent masticatory system disorders.

Factores de riesgo asociados a hábitos bucales deformantes en niños / Risk Factors Associated with Deforming Oral Habits in Children

Introducción: los hábitos bucales deformantes tienen su origen dentro del sistema neuromuscular; constituyendo patrones reflejos de naturaleza compleja que se aprenden.Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a hábitos bucales deformantes en niños.Método: se realizó un estudio transversal en el período comprendido de septiembre de 2014 a febrero de 2015. Se escogieron 180 niños en las edades comprendidas entre 8 y 11 años, pertenecientes al área de salud del Policlínico Docente Pedro Díaz Coello de Holguín, que visitaron voluntariamente la consulta para participar en la investigación. Los resultados se presentaron en tablas estadísticas.Resultados: hubo predominio de niños con hábitos bucales deformantes en el sexo femenino (57,2 por ciento) y en la edad de 10 años (37,2 por ciento), predominó como hábito deformante la lengua protráctil (39,2 por ciento) y se consideran condiciones de riesgo en la presencia de hábitos bucales deformantes variables socio biológicas de las madres y los niños, la no experiencia de lactancia materna exclusiva (57,2 por ciento) y el mal funcionamiento familiar (61,1 por ciento). El nivel de escolaridad de la madre que predominó fue el preuniversitario o técnico medio (60,6 por ciento).Conclusiones: se identificaron como factores de riesgo asociados a los hábitos bucales deformantes el mal funcionamiento familiar y la no lactancia materna.(AU)

Introduction: the deforming oral habits have their origin in the neuromuscular system, constituting reflex patterns of a complex nature that are learned.Objective: to identify the risk factors associated to deforming oral habits in children.Method: a cross-sectional observational study was carried out between September 2014 and February 2015. For this 180 children between the ages of 8 and 11 from the Pedro Diaz Coello Teaching Polyclinic health area of the in Holguín were selected, who voluntarily visited the consultation to participate in the research. The results were presented in statistical tablesResults: the prevalence of children with deforming oral habits were from the female sex (57.2 percent) and in the age of 10 years (37.2 percent), prevailed as deforming habits the tongue thrusting (39.2 percent). Other risk conditions in the deforming oral habits were the socio biological variables of mothers and children as they do not have experience on breastfeeding (57.2 percent) and a wrong function of the family (61.1 percent). High school and technician were the mothers´ school level that prevailed (60.6 percent).Conclusions: family malfunction and non-breastfeeding were identified as risk factors associated with deforming oral habits.(AU)

[Effect of dental arch length decrease during orthodontic treatment in the upper airway development. A review]. / Impact de la diminution du périmètre des arcades dentaires lors d'une prise en charge orthodontique dans le développement des voies aériennes supérieures. Une revue de la littérature.

INTRODUCTION: A possible relation between an upper airway space decrease and the development of obstructive sleep apnea syndrom explains the importance to know the effect of the modification of dental arch length on the upper airway during orthodontic treatment. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to expose recent knowledge about upper airway development and dental arch length decrease factors, to determine the influence of this decrease on upper airway development. METHODS: A review was done to determine the upper airway normal development, to define dental arch to specify if an ideal position of dental arch on apical base exists. All of the length dental arch decrease factors during orthodontic treatment (dental extraction, dental agenesis and dental malpositions) and their upper airway resounding were searched. RESULTS: Some authors found a diminution of upper airway space after premolars extractions while others didn't found this diminution after extractions premolars when incisor retraction is finished. A decrease of transversal maxillary diameter and nasal cavity may be due to absence of permanent teeth. CONCLUSION: The effect of dental arch length decrease during orthodontic treatment in the upper airway development was not scientifically proved. However we had to be vigilant and adapt our orthodontic treatment case by case to avoid an upper airway modification.

Hábitos bucales deformantes y maloclusiones en niños del Policlínico Máximo Gómez / Deforming Oral Habits and Malocclusions in Children of Máximo Gómez Polyclinic

Introducción: los hábitos bucales deformantes obstaculizan en el patrón regular de crecimiento facial y suelen provocar anomalías dentomaxilofaciales.Objetivo: determinar la afectación por hábitos bucales deformantes y las alteraciones oclusales en niños de 0-11 años de edad del Policlínico Máximo Gómez del municipio Holguín.Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, en 132 niños seleccionados por muestreo estratificado a fijación igual, pareado por sexos. Se determinó el grupo de edad y sexo más afectado, dividiéndose en los grupos de edades de 0-4 y 5-11 años de edad.Resultados: el hábito bucal deformante detectado con mayor frecuencia resultó el chupeteo de tete y biberón (69,69 por ciento), seguido del empuje lingual (62,87 por ciento) y la succión del pulgar u otros dedos (45,45 por ciento), en tanto que las alteraciones oclusales en orden decreciente resultaron la distoclusión molar en 54 pacientes para el 40,90 por ciento, seguido de la labioversión con diastema (27,27 por ciento) y el apiñamiento inferior (25,75 por ciento). Se observaron 101 niños (76,51 por ciento) con alguna de las alteraciones oclusales estudiadas y el grupo etario de 5-11 años resultó el más afectado.Conclusiones: los hábitos bucales deformantes fueron una práctica muy arraigada en la población infantil, particularmente el chupeteo de tete, biberón y fueron causa de gran número de alteraciones de la oclusión, predominando la distoclusión molar, más frecuentes en el grupo de 5-11 años de edad y el sexo masculino(AU)

Introduction: deforming oral habits interfere in the regular facial growth and usually cause dental and maxillofacial deformities.Objective: to determine the affectation of deforming oral habits and occlusal alterations in children of 0-11 years of aged at Máximo Gómez Policlinic in Holguín municipality.Methods: a descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in 132 children selected by stratified sampling to equal, twin fixation by sexes. The most affected group or sex was also determined, dividing them into two groups 0-4 and 5-11 years old according to age.Results: sucking the pacifier and the nursing bottle were the most common habits (69.69 percent), followed by atypical swallow (62.87 percent) or sucking the thumb or other fingers (45.45 percent). Distocclusion molar relationship was observed in 54 patients (40.90 percent), followed by marked overjet with spaces between teeth (27.27 percent) and inferior crowding (25.75 percent). 101 studied children (76.51 percent) with some of the occlusal alterations were observed and the group of 5-11 years old was the most affected one.Conclusions: deforming oral habits were an strengthen practice in childhood, in particular the sucking of pacifier an the nursing bottle and were the cause a great number of dental malocclusions, being distocclussion malocclusion the most frequent alteration in the age group between 5 - 11 years old more affected age group as well as the male sex(AU)

[Effects of breast-feeding duration, bottle-feeding duration and oral habits on the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of breast-feeding duration, bottle-feeding duration and oral habits on the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition in 3-6-year-old children in Beijing. METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted via an examination of the occlusal characteristics of 734 children combined with a questionnaire completed by their parents/guardians. The examination was performed by a single, previously calibrated examiner and the following variables were evaluated: presence or absence of deep overbite, open bite, anterior cross bite, posterior cross bite, deep overjet, terminal plane relationship of the second primary molar, primary canine relationship, crowding and spacing. Univariate analysis and multiple Logistic regressions were applied to analyze the associations. RESULTS: It was found that a short duration of breast-feeding (never or ≤6 months) was directly associated with posterior cross bite (OR=3.13, 95%CI=1.11-8.82, P=0.031) and no maxillary space (OR=1.63, 95%CI=1.23-2.98, P=0.038). In children breast-fed for ≤6 months, the probability of developing pacifier-sucking habits was 4 times that for those breast-fed for >6 months (OR=4.21, 95%CI=1.85-9.60, P=0.000 2). The children who were bottle-fed for over 18 months had a 1.45-fold higher risk of nonmesial step occlusion and a 1.43-fold higher risk of class II canine relationship compared with those who were bottle-fed for 6-18 months. Non-nutritive sucking habits were also found to affect occlusion: a prolonged digit-sucking habit increased the probability of an anterior open bite, while a pacifier-sucking habit was associated with excessive overjet and absence of lower arch developmental space. Tongue-thrust habit was associated with anterior open bite (OR=4.21, 95%CI=1.85-9.60, P=0.000 2) and posterior cross bite (OR=7.24, 95%CI=1.30-40.13, P=0.024). Lower lip sucking habit was associated with deep overjet and had a negative association with class III canine relationship. Unilateral chewing was associated with spacing in mandibular (OR=1.57, 95%CI=1.03-2.41, P=0.037). Mouth breathing was associated with chronic rhinitis and adenoidal hypertrophy and had an association with spacing in maxillary. The chi-square test did not indicate a statistically significant association between upper lip sucking habit and any occlusal characteristics. CONCLUSION: Breast-feeding duration was shown to be associated with the prevalence of posterior crossbite, or no maxillary space in the deciduous dentition and development of a pacifier-sucking habit. Children who had a longer duration of bottle-feeding were more likely to develop class II canine relationship. Children who had an oral habit were more likely to develop abnormal occlusal characteristics.

Implant therapy for a patient with Down syndrome and oral habits: A clinical report.

This clinical report describes prosthodontic therapy with an implant-supported partial fixed dental prosthesis for a patient with Down syndrome and concomitant oral habits, including tongue thrusting and thumb sucking.

[The tongue and ventilation: a recipe for failure?]. / Langue et ventilation : échec et mat∗.

Since publication of the studies by the functionalist school (Ricketts, Linder-Aronson, Gola...), the role of function, and ventilation in particular, appears to be taken more widely into account. The close interconnection of ventilation / growth / lingual function and malocclusion is now evident to all. However, although an ENT diagnosis of a ventilation defect and its etiology is now standard practice, treatment of the condition is not always sufficient to ensure a functional environment conducive to orthodontic stability, even when rehabilitation is prescribed. In some instances, certain highly-invasive surgical treatments can even exacerbate the initial situation.

[The transverse dimension, an all-too-neglected factor]. / La dimension transversale, un facteur trop souvent négligé∗.

A transverse dimension deficiency is most often the result of functional disorders. Poor tongue posture at rest and during function as well as digit-sucking give rise to deficiencies which are initially alveolar but which, with time, frequently end up becoming skeletal. The combination of functional rehabilitation and transverse dimension treatment is the best way to avoid many relapses. We need to monitor this anomaly closely, from diagnosis to retention. Otherwise, failure awaits us.

Associação entre prematuridade, hábitos de sucção de chupeta e tipos de aleitamento infantil / Association between prematurity, pacifier sucking habit and types of infant feeding

Crianças prematuras podem estar mais propensas a apresentarem dificuldade de praticar o aleitamento natural e consequentemente ficam vulneráveis à introdução de chupetas e/ou mamadeiras no seu dia a dia. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre a prematuridade, hábito de sucção de chupeta e tipos de aleitamento infantil, em crianças de 3 a 5 anos de idade, pertencentes a um ambulatório hospitalar universitário e duas escolas de educação infantil da cidade de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Foi desenvolvido um estudo epidemiológico transversal retrospectivo comparativo, com 250 crianças na faixa etária de 3 a 5 anos. A amostra incluiu dois grupos: o grupo pré-termo, formado pelos prematuros acompanhados pelo projeto ACRIAR (Ambulatório da Criança de Risco, Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais) e o grupo a termo, formado por pré-escolares nascidos a termo pertencentes a uma escola pública e uma particular, escolhidas por conveniência. Foi utilizado nas escolas, um questionário pré-testado para a seleção do grupo controle e preenchimento dos dados relacionados ao nascimento, aos métodos de aleitamento infantil, hábito de sucção de chupeta e aspectos sociodemográficos. Este questionário foi enviado junto ao para-casa das crianças, respondido pelos pais/responsáveis e devolvido à escola. Os dados dos prematuros foram coletados nos prontuários clínicos do projeto ACRIAR. O mesmo modelo de questões foi adotado para os dois grupos: prematuros e a termo. A análise dos dados foi realizada utilizando-se o software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 21.0. Para verificar se houve associação entre a variável dependente idade gestacional ao nascimento (prematuro ou nascidos a termo) e as varáveis independentes, foi utilizado o Teste Qui-quadrado. Valores da razão de prevalência foram estimados para cada variável independente por Regressão de Poisson Múltipla. Variáveis com valor de p < 0,05 na análise de Poisson bivariada foram incluídas na análise multivariada. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFMG (protocolo #49803115400005149). A maioria das crianças era do sexo feminino (54,8%), com 5 anos de idade (46,8%) e pertenciam a famílias com renda maior que 2 salários mínimos (48,4%). O grupo de mães de prematuros era mais jovem e (67,7%) tinha idade menor que 30 anos, diferente daquelas com filhos nascidos a termo cuja maioria (78,2) tinha idade maior que 30 anos. O modelo de regressão múltiplo final demonstrou que a renda mensal menor que 2 salários mínimos (RP= 2,068; 95%IC= 1,418- 3,016), o uso de chupeta (RP= 1,730; 95%IC= 1,100-2,721) e aleitamento no peito por menos de 6 meses (RP= 1,010; 95%IC= 1,302-2,829) foram mais prevalentes entre os prematuros. Concluiu-se que o uso de chupeta, o menor tempo de aleitamento materno e a baixa renda familiar foram fatores associados a prematuridade

Preterm infants might experience more difficult in breastfeeding and therefore are more vulnerable to the use of pacifiers and/or bottles in their life. This research aimed to evaluate the association between prematurity, pacifier sucking habit and types of infant feeding in children aged 3 to 5 years old attended at the University Hospital Clinic and two preschools in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Two hundred and fifty children took part in this retrospective crosssectional epidemiological study with control group. The sample was divided intro two groups: the case group was formed by preterm infants attended at ACRIAR project (Risk Child Clinic, Clinic Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais- UFMG) and the control group were preschool children enrolled at a public school and a private school, chosen by convenience who were full term infants. A pre-tested questionnaire was used for collecting data of full term children. Parents answered a structured questionnaire related to prematurity, infant feeding methods, pacifier sucking habits and demographic aspects. Parents or responsible received the questionnaire attached to the children's homework. They answered it at home and sent it back to the school. Collection of data of the preterm children was based on the clinical records of ACRIAR project. The same questionnaires of questions were adopted for both groups: preterm and full term children. Data were entered the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Software (SPSS) version 21.0 for statistical analysis. Chi-square test was used to test the association between the dependent variable (gestational age at birth: preterm or full term children) and the independent variables. Prevalence ratio values were estimated for each independent variable by using multiple Poisson regression. Variables with p <0.05 in the bivariate Poisson regression analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. The Research Ethics Committee of UFMG approved the research (protocol # 49803115400005149). Most of the children were female (n=137; 54.8%), aged 5 years old (n=117; 46.8%) and belonged to families with monthly income higher than 2 minimum wages (n=121; 48.4%). Mothers of preterm children were younger and the majority had less than 30 years old (n=44; 67.7%); while mothers of full term children were older than 30 years old (n=104; 78.2%). The final multiple Poisson regression model showed that monthly income lower than two minimum wages (PR = 2.068; 95% CI = 1.418-2.016), the use of pacifier (PR = 1.730; 95% CI = 1.100-2.721) and breastfeeding for less than 6 months (PR = 1.010; 95% CI = 1.302-2.829) were more prevalent among preterm infants. The use of pacifiers, the shorter breastfeeding duration and low family income were factors associated with prematurity in children

Timetable for oral prevention in childhood--developing dentition and oral habits: a current opinion.

As most of the etiologic factors of malocclusion are of genetic origin and thus cannot be prevented, environmental causative factors have become the focus for correction. Early interception of oral habits may be an important step in order to prevent occlusal disturbances in children. The identification of an abnormal habit and the assessment of its potential immediate and long-term effects on the dentition and potentially on the craniofacial complex should be made at an early stage. This paper focuses on the most common oral habits influencing dentofacial growth in childhood and management of these habits in the developing dentition.

Intervención educativa sobre hábitos bucales deformantes en escolares de 6 a 12 años / Educational intervention on deforming oral habits in school children age 6 to 12 years

En la actualidad las maloclusiones constituyen uno de los problemas en la salud bucodental, las cuales están relacionadas con los hábitos bucales deformantes. Se realizó una intervención educativa que modifica favorablemente el nivel de conocimiento que tienen los niños de 6 a 11 años de edad del Centro Escolar Silverio Guerra Téllez del municipio Manuel Tames. Se realizó una entrevista a los niños portadores de hábitos bucales deformantes objeto de estudio antes y después de aplicado el programa educativo. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, hábitos deformantes, anomalías dentomaxilofaciales, conocimiento antes y después de la intervención. Se empleó como medida de resumen el porcentaje y el número absoluto. Con la aplicación del programa educativo se logró aumentar significativamente el nivel de conocimiento sobre el tema, por lo que se recomienda hacerlo a los padres y tutores de todas las escuelas primarias de nuestro municipio(AU)

At present malocclusions are one of the oral health problems, which are related to the deforming oral habits. An educational intervention was performed that favorably modifies the level of knowledge among children 6 to 11 year's old School "Silverio Guerra Téllez" Manuel Tames municipality Center. Interview with children carrying deforming oral habits under study applied before and after the educational program was performed. The variables studied were: age, sex, deforming habits, oral abnomalies knowledge before and after the intervention. It was used as a summary measure of the percentage and absolute number. With the implementation of the education program achieved significantly increase the level of knowledge on the subject, so this is recommended for parents and guardians of all elementary schools in our town(AU)

Oral habits--part 2: beyond nutritive and non-nutritive sucking.

In addition to sucking habits, a range of other habits have been associated with short- and long-term dental and orthodontic problems. These habits include tongue thrusting and atypical swallowing, lip sucking, oral self-mutilation, mouth breathing, and bruxism. Although the association between form and function continues to be controversial, if habits are of sufficient duration they may lead to dental malocclusion and impede successful management. Oral self-injury and bruxism can lead to significant problems, such as soft tissue trauma and infection. Accurate history taking and examination are essential steps in formulating a diagnosis and management plan. Although a range of treatment options are often available, clear guidelines for treatment are difficult to develop due to a lack of high quality clinical trials. Optimal management is likely to be dictated by patient and severity variability. The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss the management of tongue thrust and atypical swallowing, lip sucking, oral self-mutilation, mouth breathing and bruxism.

Atypical swallowing: a review.

AIM: Atypical swallowing is a myofunctional problem consisting of an altered tongue position during the act of swallowing. High incidence in population, multifactorial etiology and the recurring connection with the presence of malocclusions made it a topic of strong interest and discussion in science. The purpose of this review is to illustrate the current orientation on the topic of atypical swallowing, trying in particular to answer two questions: 1) what kind of connection is there between atypical swallowing and malocclusion; 2) what kind of therapy should be used to solve it. METHODS: This review was conducted on the Medline database [www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed] searching for the keywords "atypical swallowing" and "tongue thrust". We examined all the documents from the year 1990 onwards, excluding the ones about syndromic cases of the central motor system. RESULTS: The causal relation between the two problems seems to be biunique: some authors affirm that this oral habit starts as a compensation mechanism for a preexisting malocclusion (especially in case of open-bite); other texts show that it has a tendency to exacerbate cases of malocclusion; it is also proven that a non-physiological tongue thrust can negatively influence the progress of an ongoing orthodontic therapy. Thereby, the best therapeutic approach seems to be a multidisciplinary one: beside orthodontics, which is necessary to correct the malocclusion, it is essential to set up a myofunctional rehabilitation procedure to correct the oral habit, therefore granting long time permanent results. There is also proof of a substantial difference between the results obtained from early (deciduous or primary mixed dentition) or later treatments. CONCLUSION: The biunique causal relation between atypical swallowing and malocclusion suggests a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach, orthodontic and myofunctional, to temporarily solve both problems. An early diagnosis and a prompt intervention have a significantly positive influence on the therapy outcome.

One-step surgery and correction of the transverse dimension of the maxilla using the lingual technique: an original assisted transverse surgery method.

During orthodontic-surgical treatment, orthodontics must facilitate the surgery, and vice-versa. More specifically, surgical adjustment of the transverse dimension of the maxilla and its vertical and/or anteroposterior repositioning require orthodontic support. In addition to the orthodontic appliance, a palatal device is needed to guide and maintain the correction. In the lingual technique, this situation might appear to be difficult to manage since both the appliance and the auxiliaries are located on the same side. We demonstrate a removable tooth-supported expander as well as the use of dua-insertion palatal bands to solve a transverse maxillary deficit less than or equal to 5mm.

Midline diastema and its aetiology--a review.

Maxillary midline diastema is a common aesthetic complaint of patients. Treating the midline diastema is a matter of concern for practitioners, as many different aetiologies are reported to be associated with it. The appearance of midline diastema as part of the normal dental development makes it difficult for practitioners to decide whether to intervene or not at an early stage. The aim of this article is to review the possible aetiology and management options which will help the clinician to diagnose, intercept and to take effective action to correct the midline diastema. The available data shows that an early intervention is desirable in cases with large diastemas. Treatment modality, timing and retention protocol depends on the aetiology of the diastema. Therefore, priority needs to be given to diagnosing the aetiology before making any treatment decisions. Clinical Relevance: This article aims to determine and evaluate the aetiology and possible treatment options of midline diastema.